12 August 1992

਀㰀䠀㈀ 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀㰀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀吀䠀䔀 刀䤀伀 䐀䔀䌀䰀䄀刀䄀吀䤀伀一㰀⼀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀㰀⼀䠀㈀㸀

(ORIGINAL: ENGLISH) ਀㰀倀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀㰀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀刀䔀倀伀刀吀 伀䘀 吀䠀䔀 唀一䤀吀䔀䐀 一䄀吀䤀伀一匀 䌀伀一䘀䔀刀䔀一䌀䔀 伀一 㰀⼀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀

ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT*

(Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992)
Annex I

਀㰀倀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀㰀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀刀䤀伀 䐀䔀䌀䰀䄀刀䄀吀䤀伀一 伀一 䔀一嘀䤀刀伀一䴀䔀一吀 䄀一䐀 䐀䔀嘀䔀䰀伀倀䴀䔀一吀㰀⼀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀 

਀㰀倀㸀吀栀攀 唀渀椀琀攀搀 一愀琀椀漀渀猀 䌀漀渀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 漀渀 䔀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀 愀渀搀 䐀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀Ⰰ 㰀䈀刀  wp="br1">
਀㰀倀㸀䠀愀瘀椀渀最 洀攀琀 愀琀 刀椀漀 搀攀 䨀愀渀攀椀爀漀 昀爀漀洀 ㌀ 琀漀 ㄀㐀 䨀甀渀攀 ㄀㤀㤀㈀Ⰰ 㰀䈀刀 眀瀀㴀∀戀爀㄀∀㸀㰀䈀刀  wp="br2">਀㰀倀㸀刀攀愀昀昀椀爀洀椀渀最 琀栀攀 䐀攀挀氀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀琀攀搀 一愀琀椀漀渀猀 䌀漀渀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䠀甀洀愀渀 

Environment, adopted at Stockholm on 16 June 1972, a/ and seeking to build ਀甀瀀漀渀 

it, ਀㰀倀㸀圀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 最漀愀氀 漀昀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀椀渀最 愀 渀攀眀 愀渀搀 攀焀甀椀琀愀戀氀攀 最氀漀戀愀氀 瀀愀爀琀渀攀爀猀栀椀瀀 

through the creation of new levels of cooperation among States, key sectors ਀漀昀 

societies and people, ਀㰀倀㸀圀漀爀欀椀渀最 琀漀眀愀爀搀猀 椀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 愀最爀攀攀洀攀渀琀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 爀攀猀瀀攀挀琀 琀栀攀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀猀 漀昀 

all and protect the integrity of the global environmental and developmental ਀㰀倀㸀猀礀猀琀攀洀Ⰰ 

Recognizing the integral and interdependent nature of the Earth, our ਀㰀倀㸀栀漀洀攀Ⰰ 

Proclaims that: ਀㰀倀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀㰀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀倀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀 ㄀㰀⼀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀 

Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development. ਀㰀倀㸀吀栀攀礀 愀爀攀 攀渀琀椀琀氀攀搀 琀漀 愀 栀攀愀氀琀栀礀 愀渀搀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀瘀攀 氀椀昀攀 椀渀 栀愀爀洀漀渀礀 眀椀琀栀 渀愀琀甀爀攀⸀ 

Principle 2 ਀㰀倀㸀匀琀愀琀攀猀 栀愀瘀攀Ⰰ 椀渀 愀挀挀漀爀搀愀渀挀攀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 䌀栀愀爀琀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀琀攀搀 一愀琀椀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 

principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own ਀㰀倀㸀爀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 瀀甀爀猀甀愀渀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀椀爀 漀眀渀 攀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀愀氀 愀渀搀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀愀氀 瀀漀氀椀挀椀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀  ਀㰀倀㸀琀栀攀 爀攀猀瀀漀渀猀椀戀椀氀椀琀礀 琀漀 攀渀猀甀爀攀 琀栀愀琀 愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀椀攀猀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 樀甀爀椀猀搀椀挀琀椀漀渀 漀爀 

control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas ਀㰀倀㸀戀攀礀漀渀搀 琀栀攀 氀椀洀椀琀猀 漀昀 渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 樀甀爀椀猀搀椀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ 

Principle 3 ਀㰀倀㸀吀栀攀 爀椀最栀琀 琀漀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 洀甀猀琀 戀攀 昀甀氀昀椀氀氀攀搀 猀漀 愀猀 琀漀 攀焀甀椀琀愀戀氀礀 洀攀攀琀 

developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations. ਀㰀倀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀㰀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀倀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀 㐀㰀⼀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀 

In order to achieve sustainable development, environmental protection ਀㰀倀㸀猀栀愀氀氀 挀漀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀攀 愀渀 椀渀琀攀最爀愀氀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 愀渀搀 挀愀渀渀漀琀 戀攀 

considered in isolation from it. ਀㰀倀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀㰀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀倀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀 㔀㰀⼀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀 

All States and all people shall cooperate in the essential task of ਀㰀倀㸀攀爀愀搀椀挀愀琀椀渀最 瀀漀瘀攀爀琀礀 愀猀 愀渀 椀渀搀椀猀瀀攀渀猀愀戀氀攀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀洀攀渀琀 昀漀爀 猀甀猀琀愀椀渀愀戀氀攀 

development, in order to decrease the disparities in standards of living and ਀㰀倀㸀戀攀琀琀攀爀 洀攀攀琀 琀栀攀 渀攀攀搀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀愀樀漀爀椀琀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀氀搀⸀ 

Principle 6 ਀㰀倀㸀吀栀攀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 猀椀琀甀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 渀攀攀搀猀 漀昀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀椀渀最 挀漀甀渀琀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀氀礀 琀栀攀 

least developed and those most environmentally vulnerable, shall be given ਀㰀倀㸀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 瀀爀椀漀爀椀琀礀⸀ 䤀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 昀椀攀氀搀 漀昀 攀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀 愀渀搀 

development should also address the interests and needs of all countries. ਀㰀倀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀㰀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀倀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀 㜀㰀⼀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀 

States shall cooperate in a spirit of global partnership to conserve, ਀㰀倀㸀瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀 愀渀搀 爀攀猀琀漀爀攀 琀栀攀 栀攀愀氀琀栀 愀渀搀 椀渀琀攀最爀椀琀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䔀愀爀琀栀✀猀 攀挀漀猀礀猀琀攀洀⸀ 䤀渀  view ਀㰀倀㸀漀昀 琀栀攀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 挀漀渀琀爀椀戀甀琀椀漀渀猀 琀漀 最氀漀戀愀氀 攀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀愀氀 搀攀最爀愀搀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 匀琀愀琀攀猀  have ਀㰀倀㸀挀漀洀洀漀渀 戀甀琀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀椀愀琀攀搀 爀攀猀瀀漀渀猀椀戀椀氀椀琀椀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 挀漀甀渀琀爀椀攀猀 

acknowledge the responsibility that they bear in the international pursuit of ਀

sustainable development in view of the pressures their societies place on the ਀

global environment and of the technologies and financial resources they ਀㰀倀㸀挀漀洀洀愀渀搀⸀ 

Principle 8 ਀㰀倀㸀吀漀 愀挀栀椀攀瘀攀 猀甀猀琀愀椀渀愀戀氀攀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 愀渀搀 愀 栀椀最栀攀爀 焀甀愀氀椀琀礀 漀昀 氀椀昀攀 昀漀爀 愀氀氀 

people, States should reduce and eliminate unsustainable patterns of ਀瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 

and consumption and promote appropriate demographic policies.
Principle 9 ਀㰀倀㸀匀琀愀琀攀猀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 挀漀漀瀀攀爀愀琀攀 琀漀 猀琀爀攀渀最琀栀攀渀 攀渀搀漀最攀渀漀甀猀 挀愀瀀愀挀椀琀礀ⴀ戀甀椀氀搀椀渀最 昀漀爀 

sustainable development by improving scientific understanding through ਀攀砀挀栀愀渀最攀猀 

of scientific and technological knowledge, and by enhancing the development, ਀㰀倀㸀愀搀愀瀀琀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 搀椀昀昀甀猀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 琀爀愀渀猀昀攀爀 漀昀 琀攀挀栀渀漀氀漀最椀攀猀Ⰰ 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 渀攀眀 愀渀搀 

innovative technologies. ਀㰀倀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀㰀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀倀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀 ㄀　㰀⼀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀 

Environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all ਀㰀倀㸀挀漀渀挀攀爀渀攀搀 挀椀琀椀稀攀渀猀Ⰰ 愀琀 琀栀攀 爀攀氀攀瘀愀渀琀 氀攀瘀攀氀⸀ 䄀琀 琀栀攀 渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 氀攀瘀攀氀Ⰰ 攀愀挀栀 

individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the ਀㰀倀㸀攀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀 琀栀愀琀 椀猀 栀攀氀搀 戀礀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀 愀甀琀栀漀爀椀琀椀攀猀Ⰰ 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 漀渀 

hazardous materials and activities in their communities, and the opportunity ਀㰀倀㸀琀漀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀椀瀀愀琀攀 椀渀 搀攀挀椀猀椀漀渀ⴀ洀愀欀椀渀最 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀攀猀⸀ 匀琀愀琀攀猀 猀栀愀氀氀 昀愀挀椀氀椀琀愀琀攀 愀渀搀 

encourage public awareness and participation by making information widely ਀㰀倀㸀愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀⸀ 䔀昀昀攀挀琀椀瘀攀 愀挀挀攀猀猀 琀漀 樀甀搀椀挀椀愀氀 愀渀搀 愀搀洀椀渀椀猀琀爀愀琀椀瘀攀 瀀爀漀挀攀攀搀椀渀最猀Ⰰ 

including redress and remedy, shall be provided. ਀㰀倀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀㰀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀倀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀 ㄀㄀㰀⼀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀 

States shall enact effective environmental legislation. Environmental ਀㰀倀㸀猀琀愀渀搀愀爀搀猀Ⰰ 洀愀渀愀最攀洀攀渀琀 漀戀樀攀挀琀椀瘀攀猀 愀渀搀 瀀爀椀漀爀椀琀椀攀猀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 爀攀昀氀攀挀琀 琀栀攀 

environmental and developmental context to which they apply. Standards ਀愀瀀瀀氀椀攀搀 

by some countries may be inappropriate and of unwarranted economic and social ਀

cost to other countries, in particular developing countries. ਀㰀倀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀㰀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀倀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀 ㄀㈀㰀⼀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀 

States should cooperate to promote a supportive and open international ਀㰀倀㸀攀挀漀渀漀洀椀挀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 琀栀愀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 氀攀愀搀 琀漀 攀挀漀渀漀洀椀挀 最爀漀眀琀栀 愀渀搀 猀甀猀琀愀椀渀愀戀氀攀  development ਀㰀倀㸀椀渀 愀氀氀 挀漀甀渀琀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 琀漀 戀攀琀琀攀爀 愀搀搀爀攀猀猀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀猀 漀昀 攀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀愀氀  degradation. ਀㰀倀㸀吀爀愀搀攀 瀀漀氀椀挀礀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀猀 昀漀爀 攀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀愀氀 瀀甀爀瀀漀猀攀猀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 渀漀琀 挀漀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀攀 愀  means ਀㰀倀㸀漀昀 愀爀戀椀琀爀愀爀礀 漀爀 甀渀樀甀猀琀椀昀椀愀戀氀攀 搀椀猀挀爀椀洀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀爀 愀 搀椀猀最甀椀猀攀搀 爀攀猀琀爀椀挀琀椀漀渀 漀渀 

international trade. Unilateral actions to deal with environmental challenges ਀

outside the jurisdiction of the importing country should be avoided. ਀㰀倀㸀䔀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀愀氀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀猀 愀搀搀爀攀猀猀椀渀最 琀爀愀渀猀戀漀甀渀搀愀爀礀 漀爀 最氀漀戀愀氀 攀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀愀氀 

problems should, as far as possible, be based on an international consensus. ਀㰀倀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀㰀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀倀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀 ㄀㌀㰀⼀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀 

States shall develop national law regarding liability and compensation ਀㰀倀㸀昀漀爀 琀栀攀 瘀椀挀琀椀洀猀 漀昀 瀀漀氀氀甀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 攀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀愀氀 搀愀洀愀最攀⸀ 匀琀愀琀攀猀 猀栀愀氀氀  also ਀㰀倀㸀挀漀漀瀀攀爀愀琀攀 椀渀 愀渀 攀砀瀀攀搀椀琀椀漀甀猀 愀渀搀 洀漀爀攀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀攀搀 洀愀渀渀攀爀 琀漀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀 昀甀爀琀栀攀爀 

international law regarding liability and compensation for adverse effects of ਀

environmental damage caused by activities within their jurisdiction or ਀挀漀渀琀爀漀氀 

to areas beyond their jurisdiction. ਀㰀倀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀㰀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀倀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀 ㄀㐀㰀⼀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀 

States should effectively cooperate to discourage or prevent the ਀㰀倀㸀爀攀氀漀挀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 琀爀愀渀猀昀攀爀 琀漀 漀琀栀攀爀 匀琀愀琀攀猀 漀昀 愀渀礀 愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 猀甀戀猀琀愀渀挀攀猀 琀栀愀琀  ਀㰀倀㸀挀愀甀猀攀 猀攀瘀攀爀攀 攀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀愀氀 搀攀最爀愀搀愀琀椀漀渀 漀爀 愀爀攀 昀漀甀渀搀 琀漀 戀攀 栀愀爀洀昀甀氀 琀漀 栀甀洀愀渀 

health. ਀㰀倀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀㰀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀倀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀 ㄀㔀㰀⼀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀 

In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be ਀㰀倀㸀眀椀搀攀氀礀 愀瀀瀀氀椀攀搀 戀礀 匀琀愀琀攀猀 愀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀攀椀爀 挀愀瀀愀戀椀氀椀琀椀攀猀⸀ 圀栀攀爀攀 琀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 

threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty ਀㰀倀㸀猀栀愀氀氀 渀漀琀 戀攀 甀猀攀搀 愀猀 愀 爀攀愀猀漀渀 昀漀爀 瀀漀猀琀瀀漀渀椀渀最 挀漀猀琀ⴀ攀昀昀攀挀琀椀瘀攀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀猀 琀漀  prevent ਀㰀倀㸀攀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀愀氀 搀攀最爀愀搀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ 

Principle 16 ਀㰀倀㸀一愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 愀甀琀栀漀爀椀琀椀攀猀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 攀渀搀攀愀瘀漀甀爀 琀漀 瀀爀漀洀漀琀攀 琀栀攀 椀渀琀攀爀渀愀氀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 

environmental costs and the use of economic instruments, taking into account ਀㰀倀㸀琀栀攀 愀瀀瀀爀漀愀挀栀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 瀀漀氀氀甀琀攀爀 猀栀漀甀氀搀Ⰰ 椀渀 瀀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 戀攀愀爀 琀栀攀 挀漀猀琀 漀昀 

pollution, with due regard to the public interest and without distorting ਀㰀倀㸀椀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 琀爀愀搀攀 愀渀搀 椀渀瘀攀猀琀洀攀渀琀⸀ 

Principle 17 ਀㰀倀㸀䔀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀愀氀 椀洀瀀愀挀琀 愀猀猀攀猀猀洀攀渀琀Ⰰ 愀猀 愀 渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 椀渀猀琀爀甀洀攀渀琀Ⰰ 猀栀愀氀氀 戀攀 

undertaken for proposed activities that are likely to have a significant ਀㰀倀㸀愀搀瘀攀爀猀攀 椀洀瀀愀挀琀 漀渀 琀栀攀 攀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀 愀渀搀 愀爀攀 猀甀戀樀攀挀琀 琀漀 愀 搀攀挀椀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀  competent ਀㰀倀㸀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 愀甀琀栀漀爀椀琀礀⸀ 

Principle 18 ਀㰀倀㸀匀琀愀琀攀猀 猀栀愀氀氀 椀洀洀攀搀椀愀琀攀氀礀 渀漀琀椀昀礀 漀琀栀攀爀 匀琀愀琀攀猀 漀昀 愀渀礀 渀愀琀甀爀愀氀 搀椀猀愀猀琀攀爀猀 漀爀 

other emergencies that are likely to produce sudden harmful effects on the ਀㰀倀㸀攀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀漀猀攀 匀琀愀琀攀猀⸀ 䔀瘀攀爀礀 攀昀昀漀爀琀 猀栀愀氀氀 戀攀 洀愀搀攀 戀礀 琀栀攀 椀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 

community to help States so afflicted. ਀㰀倀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀㰀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀倀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀 ㄀㤀㰀⼀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀 

States shall provide prior and timely notification and relevant ਀㰀倀㸀椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 瀀漀琀攀渀琀椀愀氀氀礀 愀昀昀攀挀琀攀搀 匀琀愀琀攀猀 漀渀 愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀椀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 洀愀礀 栀愀瘀攀 愀 

significant adverse transboundary environmental effect and shall consult with ਀

those States at an early stage and in good faith. ਀㰀倀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀㰀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀倀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀 ㈀　㰀⼀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀 

Women have a vital role in environmental management and development. ਀㰀倀㸀吀栀攀椀爀 昀甀氀氀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀椀瀀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 琀栀攀爀攀昀漀爀攀 攀猀猀攀渀琀椀愀氀 琀漀 愀挀栀椀攀瘀攀 猀甀猀琀愀椀渀愀戀氀攀 

development. ਀㰀倀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀㰀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀倀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀 ㈀㄀㰀⼀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀 

The creativity, ideals and courage of the youth of the world should be ਀㰀倀㸀洀漀戀椀氀椀稀攀搀 琀漀 昀漀爀最攀 愀 最氀漀戀愀氀 瀀愀爀琀渀攀爀猀栀椀瀀 椀渀 漀爀搀攀爀 琀漀 愀挀栀椀攀瘀攀 猀甀猀琀愀椀渀愀戀氀攀 

development and ensure a better future for all. ਀㰀倀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀㰀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀倀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀 ㈀㈀㰀⼀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀 

Indigenous people and their communities and other local communities have ਀㰀倀㸀愀 瘀椀琀愀氀 爀漀氀攀 椀渀 攀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀愀氀 洀愀渀愀最攀洀攀渀琀 愀渀搀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀 

knowledge and traditional practices. States should recognize and duly support ਀

their identity, culture and interests and enable their effective ਀瀀愀爀琀椀挀椀瀀愀琀椀漀渀 

in the achievement of sustainable development. ਀㰀倀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀㰀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀倀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀 ㈀㌀㰀⼀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀 

The environment and natural resources of people under oppression, ਀㰀倀㸀搀漀洀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 漀挀挀甀瀀愀琀椀漀渀 猀栀愀氀氀 戀攀 瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀攀搀⸀ 

Principle 24 ਀㰀倀㸀圀愀爀昀愀爀攀 椀猀 椀渀栀攀爀攀渀琀氀礀 搀攀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀瘀攀 漀昀 猀甀猀琀愀椀渀愀戀氀攀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀⸀ 匀琀愀琀攀猀 

shall therefore respect international law providing protection for the ਀㰀倀㸀攀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀 椀渀 琀椀洀攀猀 漀昀 愀爀洀攀搀 挀漀渀昀氀椀挀琀 愀渀搀 挀漀漀瀀攀爀愀琀攀 椀渀 椀琀猀 昀甀爀琀栀攀爀 

development, as necessary. ਀㰀倀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀㰀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀倀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀 ㈀㔀㰀⼀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀 

Peace, development and environmental protection are interdependent and ਀㰀倀㸀椀渀搀椀瘀椀猀椀戀氀攀⸀ 

Principle 26 ਀㰀倀㸀匀琀愀琀攀猀 猀栀愀氀氀 爀攀猀漀氀瘀攀 愀氀氀 琀栀攀椀爀 攀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀愀氀 搀椀猀瀀甀琀攀猀 瀀攀愀挀攀昀甀氀氀礀 愀渀搀 戀礀 

appropriate means in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations. ਀㰀倀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀㰀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀倀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀 ㈀㜀㰀⼀匀吀刀伀一䜀㸀 

States and people shall cooperate in good faith and in a spirit of ਀㰀倀㸀瀀愀爀琀渀攀爀猀栀椀瀀 椀渀 琀栀攀 昀甀氀昀椀氀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀猀 攀洀戀漀搀椀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 䐀攀挀氀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀 

and in the further development of international law in the field of ਀猀甀猀琀愀椀渀愀戀氀攀 

development. ਀㰀倀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀⨀ ⨀ ⨀ ⨀ ⨀ 

a/ Report of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, ਀㰀倀㸀匀琀漀挀欀栀漀氀洀Ⰰ 㔀ⴀ㄀㘀 䨀甀渀攀 ㄀㤀㜀㈀ ⠀唀渀椀琀攀搀 一愀琀椀漀渀猀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 匀愀氀攀猀 一漀⸀ 䔀⸀㜀㌀⸀䤀䤀⸀䄀⸀㄀㐀  ਀㰀倀㸀愀渀搀 挀漀爀爀椀最攀渀搀甀洀⤀Ⰰ 挀栀愀瀀⸀ 䤀⸀ 㰀⼀倀㸀㰀⼀䈀伀䐀夀㸀㰀⼀䠀吀䴀䰀㸀